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IEA Special Report
SJJIVMRKW 8LI XMR] ;YPMRK ,SRKKYERK 1MRM ): MW RSX IPMKMFPI JSV WYFWMHMIW FYX [EW WXMPP
EQSRK XLI FIWXWIPPMRK QSHIPW MR 'LMRE PEWX ]IEV SJJIVMRK ER EJJSVHEFPI IRXV] TSMRX XS XLI
QEVOIX JSV RI[ GYWXSQIVW 3ZIVEPP XLI 'LMRIWI IPIGXVMG GEV QEVOIX PSSOW WIX JSV JYVXLIV
KVS[XL MR HVMZIR F] XLI GSQFMRIH IJJIGXW SJ GSRWYQIV TVIJIVIRGIW JSV XLI RI[ QSHIP
SJJIVMRKW VIWMHYEP REXMSREP WYFWMHMIW ERH GSRXMRYIH TVIJIVIRXMEP XVIEXQIRX JSV ):W EX XLI
PSGEP PIZIP PSGEP WYFWMHMIW I\GPYWMSR JVSQ GMX] PIZIP TYVGLEWI PMQMXEXMSRW
-R )YVSTI IPIGXVMG GEV WEPIW MRGVIEWIH F] RIEVP] MR XS QMPPMSR EFSYX LEPJ SJ
[LMGL [IVI TPYK MR L]FVMHW ;LMPI ERRYEP KVS[XL [EW WPS[IV XLER MR [LIR WEPIW
QSVI XLER HSYFPIH XLMW XSSO TPEGI EKEMRWX XLI FEGOHVST SJ ER SZIVEPP )YVSTIER EYXSQSXMZI
QEVOIX XLEX LEH RSX VIGSZIVIH JVSQ XLI TERHIQMG 8SXEP GEV WEPIW MR [IVI PS[IV
XLER MR 8LI WYVKI MR ): WEPIW MR )YVSTI PEWX ]IEV [EW TEVXMEPP] HVMZIR F] RI[ '3
IQMWWMSRW WXERHEVHW 4YVGLEWI WYFWMHMIW JSV ):W [IVI EPWS MRGVIEWIH ERH I\TERHIH MR QSWX
QENSV )YVSTIER QEVOIXW 1SRXLP] WEPIW MR [IVI LMKLIWX MR XLI PEWX UYEVXIV SJ XLI ]IEV
TIEOMRK MR (IGIQFIV [LIR )YVSTIER WEPIW SJ IPIGXVMG GEVW WYVTEWWIH HMIWIP ZILMGPIW JSV XLI
JMVWX XMQI [MXL E QEVOIX WLEVI
-R EFWSPYXI XIVQW XLI PEVKIWX IPIGXVMG GEV QEVOIX MR )YVSTI MR [EW +IVQER] [LIVI
QSVI XLER SRI MR XLVII RI[ GEVW WSPH MR 2SZIQFIV ERH (IGIQFIV [EW IPIGXVMG 3ZIVEPP
IPIGXVMG GEVW EGGSYRXIH JSV SJ XSXEP )YVSTIER WEPIW MR FYX XLIVI [IVI WMKRMJMGERX
HMJJIVIRGIW EGVSWW QEVOIXW 2SV[E] EX ERH 7[IHIR ERH XLI 2IXLIVPERHW EX ERH
VIWTIGXMZIP] WEX EXST KPSFEP VEROMRKW %X +IVQER] LEH F] JEV XLI LMKLIWX QEVOIX
WLEVI EQSRK PEVKI )YVSTIER QEVOIXW JSPPS[IH F] XLI 9RMXIH /MRKHSQ ERH *VERGI FSXL
EVSYRH -XEP] ERH 7TEMR
8LI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW QEHI ER MQTVIWWMZI VIXYVR XS XLI IPIGXVMG GEV QEVOIX MR EW WEPIW
QSVI XLER HSYFPIH XS WYVTEWW LEPJ E QMPPMSR 8LI SZIVEPP 97 GEV QEVOIX VIGSZIVIH EW [IPP
FYX IPIGXVMG GEVW HSYFPIH XLIMV WLEVI XS 8LI 97 IPIGXVMG GEV QEVOIX MW WXMPP QSWXP]
HSQMREXIH F] 8IWPE [LMGL EGGSYRXW JSV QSVI XLER LEPJ SJ EPP IPIGXVMG YRMXW WSPH 8IWPEޝW
QEVOIX WLEVI RSRIXLIPIWW HIGPMRIH JVSQ MR EW RI[ IPIGXVMG QSHIPW [IVI SJJIVIH
F] SXLIV EYXSQEOIVW *IHIVEP MRGIRXMZIW TVSKVEQQIW [IVI RSX VIRI[IH FYX GSRWYQIVW
GER WXMPP FIRIJMX JVSQ KIRIVSYW XE\ GVIHMXW I\GITX JSV 8IWPE ERH +1 ZILMGPIW
(IWTMXI MQTVIWWMZI KVS[XL MR QENSV QEVOIXW XLI WEPIW SJ IPIGXVMG GEVW EVI RSX EHZERGMRK EX
XLI WEQI TEGI KPSFEPP] 'LMRE )YVSTI ERH XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW EGGSYRX JSV VSYKLP] X[S XLMVHW
SJ XLI SZIVEPP GEV QEVOIX FYX EVSYRH SJ IPIGXVMG GEV WEPIW -R QSWX SXLIV QEVOIXW IPIGXVMG
GEVW EGGSYRX JSV PIWW XLER SJ SZIVEPP WEPIW ERH MR PEVKI HIZIPSTMRK IGSRSQMIW WYGL EW
&VE^MP -RHME ERH -RHSRIWME XLI WLEVI MW WXMPP FIPS[ [MXLSYX ER] WMKRMJMGERX MRGVIEWI SZIV
XLI TEWX ]IEV ;LMPI WEPIW SJ IPIGXVMG WGSSXIVW ERH FYWIW EVI I\TERHMRK MR XLIWI GSYRXVMIW
XLI TVMGI TVIQMYQ EXXEGLIH XS IPIGXVMG GEVW ERH E PEGO SJ GLEVKMRK MRJVEWXVYGXYVI EVI OI]
VIEWSRW JSV XLI WPYKKMWL YTXEOI -R .ETER IPIGXVMG GEV WEPIW EPWS FEVIP] MRGVIEWIH [MXL XLIMV
QEVOIX WLEVI VIQEMRMRK FIPS[ SZIV XLI TEWX XLVII ]IEVW /SVIE ERH %YWXVEPME WLS[ XLI
KVIEXIWX H]REQMWQ EQSRK WQEPPIV QEVOIXW -R /SVIE IPIGXVMG GEV WEPIW QSVI XLER HSYFPIH MR
EJXIV X[S ]IEVW [MXLSYX KVS[XL MRGVIEWMRK XLIMV QEVOIX WLEVI XS )PIGXVMG GEV WEPIW
MR %YWXVEPME EPWS QSVI XLER XVMTPIH MR EPFIMX JVSQ E PS[ FEWIPMRI FVMRKMRK XLIMV QEVOIX
WLEVI EFSZI
